"Genaro H. de Volafan" (F.A. But they never dare to make use of these; for it has often happened, when I have sent two or three of my men to some of their villages to speak with the inhabitants, that a crowd of Indians has sallied forth; but when they saw our men approaching, they speedily took to flight, parents abandoning their children, and children their parents. Author Introduction-William Bradford (15901657), 24. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. Author Introduction-Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882), 117. Becoming America, Wendy Kurant, ed., CC-BY-SA. Columbuss [], The 18th Century WorldThe thirteen colonies of British North America are grouped into four regions such as New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. [8] By contrast, Columbus's 1495 letter of his second voyage and his 1505 letter of his fourth voyage had only one printing each, probably not exceeding 200 copies. He compares lush and well-watered Hispaniola as more favorable to settlement than mountainous Cuba. The printed Spanish letter is dated aboard the caravel "on the Canary Islands" on February 15, 1493. Columbus), so long as they are not possessed by any Christian owner (which Columbus's letter confirmed). His discovery of the New World was of epic significance to the European nations. Lisbon, March 14th. [58] On the day the treaty was signed, June 7, 1494, Columbus was sailing along the southern shore of Cuba, prodding fruitlessly at that lengthy coast. As a result, in April 1493, he wrote a letter to King Ferdinand and . 1) 16. Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night (1865) By Walt Whitman, 179. [73], The simplicity and rarity of the original printed editions of the Letter to Santangel (only two copies are known to exist) has made it appealing to forgers, and there have been repeated attempts to sell fake copies of the letter to libraries and collectors. Author Introduction-Walt Whitman (1819 1892), 176. I saw no monsters, neither did I hear accounts of any such except in an island called Charis, the second as one crosses over from Spain to India, which is inhabited by a certain race regarded by their neighbors as very ferocious. The monarchs response is reproduced as document Num. 3940); Anzovin (2000: p. 109). It would be highly presumptuous for Columbus to sign his name that way in February or March, when the original letter was drafted, before that success was confirmed by the royal court. [50] Its intent may have been to popularize and advance the Spanish case against the Portuguese claims. On his third attempt, in another bull also called Inter caetera, written in the summer and backdated to May 4, 1493, the Pope once again confirmed the Spanish claim on the Indies more explicitly with a longitude line of demarcation granting all lands 100 leagues west of Cape Verde (not merely those discovered by "her envoys") as the exclusive dominion of the Crown of Castile (with no explicit safeguards for prior Portuguese treaties or grants). Columbus claims the Indians practice monogamy ("each man is content with only one wife"), "except for the rulers and kings" (who can have as many as twenty wives). He describes the islands as being inhabited by "Indians" (Indios). "Columbuss Letter on the First Voyage: Analysis." Author Introduction-Angelina Grimke (1805-1879), 150. I continued on, supposing I should come upon some city, or countryhouses. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 ", in R.H. Major, editor, 1848. March, K. and K. Passman (1993) "The Amazon Myth and Latin America" in W. Haase and M. Reinhold, editors. Eventually, the Spanish settlers wanted a share of the land and its people, so in 1499, Columbus was forced to turn over both land and native people to individual Spanish colonists. This was the beginning of the encomienda, a grant by the Spanish crown to a settler of a specified number of natives living in a particular area for forced labor, and repartimiento systems which provided the colonists with forced labor. [9] Thus the islands of "India beyond the Ganges" claimed to have been reached would roughly correspond to modern Indonesia or thereabouts. Author Introduction-Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888), 174. Consequently I continued along towards the East, as much as 322 miles, always hugging the shore. Preface to A Key into the Language of America, 28. The Copiador letter notes Juana is called "Cuba" by the natives ("aqullos llaman de Cuba"). If authentic, this letter practically solves the "Sanchez problem": it confirms that the Latin letter to Gabriel Sanchez is not a translation of the letter that the Spanish codicil said Columbus sent to the Monarchs, and strongly suggests that the Sanchez letter is just a Latin translation of the letter Columbus sent to Luis de Santangel. He was one of the earliest Europeans to land in the New World and was the first to establish a settlement for a. In the printed Spanish editions (albeit not in the Latin editions nor the Copiador), there is a small postscript dated March 14, written in Lisbon, noting that the return journey took only 28 days (in contrast with the 33 days outward), but that unusual winter storms had kept him delayed for an additional 23 days. Author Introduction-Mary Rowlandson (ca. Nineteenth Century Newspapers and Literature of Reform, 147. Throughout his expedition, Columbus seeks to convert the natives to his Christian faith demonstrating that he regards the natives religion as inferior and based on error. In the letter, Columbus states, "I discovered many islandsI took possession of all of them for our most fortunate King" I was informed that there is another island larger than the aforesaid Hispana, whose inhabitants have no hair; and that there is a greater abundance of gold in it than in any of the others. In particular, the printed editions omit practically all of Columbus's allusions to personal friction found in the manuscriptover the choice of ships, past treatment in the royal court, or the insubordination of the "one from Palos" (Martn Alonso Pinzn)as well as Columbus's bizarre call for crusade in the Holy Land. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In the Copiador version there are passages (omitted from the printed editions) petitioning the monarchs for the honors promised him at Santa Fe, and additionally asking for a cardinalate for his son and the appointment of his friend, Pedro de Villacorta, as paymaster of the Indies. 1490-1558), 10. All rights reserved. In fact, it was left to another intrepid Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, to give his name to America, and to popularize the phrase 'the New World.'. He claims the natives believed the Spaniards and their ships had "come down from heaven" ("que yovenia del cielo"). So too for pieces of hoops, jugs, jars and pots they bartered cotton and gold like beasts. [97], The existence of this manuscript letter was unknown until it was discovered in 1985. [49] This is reinforced by the discovery of the Libro Copiador. Columbus has not seen them himself, but says that local Indians claim the monsters have many canoes, and that they sail from island to island, raiding everywhere. Nationality: Italian. For the treaty of 1479 and the bull of 1481, see Davenport (1917: The Spanish monarchs reply to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia is document XVI dated May 2, 1493, given in Navarrete (1825: vol. Author Introduction-John Winthrop (1588-1649), 26. (2022, June 9). Columbus also gives an account of some of his own activities in the letters. This essay has been submitted by a student. Gradesfixer , Christopher Columbus Letter: Its Purpose and Rhetoric., Christopher Columbus Letter: Its Purpose and Rhetoric [Internet]. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Life of Christopher Columbus from his own Letters and Journals Author: Edward Everett Hale Release Date: February 15, 2006 [EBook #1492] Last Updated: November 7, 2016 Language: English . Copies of Columbus's letter were somehow picked up by publishers, and printed editions of his letter began to appear throughout Europe within weeks of Columbus's return to Spain. It is assumed that Columbus wrote the original letter in Spanish. Furthermore, Columbus restates that the people are the timidest in the world and his few men could easily destroy the whole land if they so wished. Finally, his emphatic statement that he formally "took possession" of the islands for the Catholic monarchs, and left men (and a ship) at La Navidad, may have been emphasized to forestall any Portuguese claim. Christopher Columbus is arguably the world's most renowned explorer. On the contrary I gave whatever I had, cloth and many other things, to whomsoever I approached, or with whom I could get speech, without any return being made to me; but they are by nature fearful and timid. The Premature Burial (1844) By Edgar Allan Poe, 138. His first bull on the matter, Inter caetera, dated May 3, 1493, was indecisive. A copy was subsequently forwarded to Naples (then part of the Crown of Aragon), where Bishop Leonardus got a hold of it. Author Introduction-Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), 120. The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson | Summary, Quotes & Analysis. From The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Part II, 76. Some of Columbuss ideologies and attitudes can be deduced from the letter. From Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Volume 3, 14. fled as soon as they beheld us. This happened not because any loss or injury had been inflicted upon any of them. [48] These intricate familial connections between Luis de Santangel, Gabriel Sanchez, Juan Sanchez and Leander Cosco, could be a mere coincidence, but it also suggests that the dissemination process may have been centrally organized by Luis de Santangel through channels he trusted. For God is wont to listen to his servants who love his precepts, even in impossibilities, as has happened to me in the present instance, who have accomplished what human strength has hitherto never attained. In the island, which I have said before was called Hispana, there are very lofty and beautiful mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for cultivation and for pasturage, and well adapted for constructing buildings. Author Introduction-William Apess (17981839), 105. 1494) is more than a report of discovery and exploration; it is a reflection of the nature of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. There are two known editions of the (Spanish) Letter to Santangel, and at least six editions of the (Latin) Letter to Gabriel Sanchez published in the first year (1493), plus an additional rendering of the narrative into Italian verse by Giuliano Dati (which went through five editions). Compare Cabeza De Vaca's Letter To Christopher Columbus 1211 Words | 5 Pages. Convinced nonetheless he had discovered the edges of Asia, Columbus set sail back to Spain on January 15, 1493, aboard the caravel Nia. Hector St. John de Crvecoeur (1735-1813), 77. Author Introduction-Francis Pastorius (ca. The Copiador version (but not the printed Spanish or Latin editions) also contains a somewhat bizarre detour into messianic fantasy, where Columbus suggests the monarchs should use the wealth of the Indies to finance a new crusade to conquer Jerusalem, Columbus himself offering to underwrite a large army of ten thousand cavalry and hundred thousand infantry to that end. The letter was ostensibly written by Columbus himself, aboard the caravel Nia, on the return leg of his voyage. Even though he was unable to find what his original voyage goal was, the direct water route from Europe to Asia; he never actually reached Asia, and was unaware of this fact. Ife, Barry W. (1992) "Introduction to the Letters from America", King's College London. In addition to this, Columbus observes that his crew members and other sailors take advantage of the natives naivety and kind-heartedness. Author Introduction-Samuel de Champlain (ca. Since all of the land and most of the riches were conquered by him but, are for Spain, the explorer, Columbus, does not end up with a big proportion of the findings but, being able to take credit for his findings make a difference. Towards the end of the letter, Columbus reveals that local Indians told him about the possible existence of cannibals, which he refers to as "monsters" ("monstruos"). They are neither lazy nor awkward ; but, on the contrary, are of an excellent and acute understanding. 2018 May 22 [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Columbus' 'discovery' and subsequent voyages to the Americas was done in an official capacity on behalf of Queen Isabella of Spain. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. Christopher Columbus was an explorer during the Age of Exploration in the 1400s. In charge and discovery was no rest. A few months after his voyage, Columbus decided to write his trip patrons a letter. Author Introduction-Lydia Huntley Sigourney (17911865), 154. More importantly, Columbus aims to demonstrate that he has taken possession of these new lands for his King. succeed. Lest his readers begin to get wary, Columbus rounds off with a more optimistic report, saying the local Indians of Hispaniola also told him about a very large island nearby which "abounds in countless gold" ("en esta ay oro sin cuenta"). To Cole, The Painter Departing for Europe: A Sonnet (1829), 102. Here the Frailest Leaves of Me (ca.1891-1892) By Walt Whitman, 189. No one refuses the asker anything that he possesses; on the contrary they themselves invite us to ask for it. In the letter, Columbus urges the Catholic monarchs to sponsor a second, larger expedition to the Indies, promising to bring back immense riches. National Humanities Center Columbus's letter on his first voyage to America, February 1493 3 Library of Congress Tano amulet of a crouching figure, Puerto Rico (? However, Columbus proclaims disbelief in the existence of these "monsters", or rather suggests this is likely just a local Indian myth pertaining to some distant Indian seafaring tribe who are probably not unlike themselves ("I regard them as of no more account than the others", "yo no los tengo en nada mas que a los otros"). These units were written to enable students to understand, summarize, and analyze original texts of historical significance. I secured for them the good will and remarkable friendship of the King of the island; for these people are very affectionate and kind; so much so that the aforesaid King took a pride in my being called his brother. But what has been accomplished is great and wonderful, and not at all proportionate to my deserts, but to the sacred Christian faith, and to the piety and religion of our Sovereigns. 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now, The Columbian Exchange was the global diffusion of animals, diseases, people, technology and ideas between Europe, and the Americas. There were many reasons for which Christopher Columbus wrote that first letter to Ferdinand and Isabella. Author Introduction-Edgar Allen Poe (18091849), 134. An Epitaph on My Dear and Ever-Honored Mother, Mrs. Dorothy Dudley, Who Deceased December 27 1643, and of Her Age 61, 30. In the letter, Columbus says that he believes Juana is actually part of the continental mainland (terra firme) of Cathay (Catayo, archaic for China), even though he also admits some of the Indians he encountered informed him that Juana was an island. Columbus, Christopher, The Letter of Columbus on His Discovery of the New World (Los Angeles: USC Fine Arts Press, 1989). Middle School US History: Help and Review, Settling North America & the Colonies: Help and Review, Christopher Columbus's Voyages: Route & Legacy, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, First Contacts in the Americas: Help and Review, North American Exploration & Failed Colonies of France & England, New France, New Netherlands & New Sweden: North American Settlements, The Mayflower and the Plymouth Rock Settlement, The Puritans and the Founding of the New England Colonies, The Southern Colonies: Settlement and Growth, The Middle Colonies: New York, Delaware, New Jersey & Pennsylvania, Rise of the Slave Trade: Black History in Colonial America, The 13 Colonies: Developing Economy & Overseas Trade, The 13 Colonies: World Events that Influenced Colonial America, Massachusetts Bay Colony: Religion, History & Economy, 1795 Treaty of Greenville: Definition & Summary, Celestial Navigation: History & Explanation, Charter Document: Examples and Definition, Christopher Columbus' Discoveries: History & Summary, Colonial Mercantilism: Definition, History & Effects, Who Was Captain John Smith of Jamestown? Urgent reports on the Portuguese preparations were dispatched to the Spanish court by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia. Only the printed editionsSpanish and Latinare known. 2022. Where was the very extremity of the island, from there I saw another island to the Eastwards, distant 54 miles from this Johana, which I named Hispana; and proceeded to it, and directed my course for 564 miles East by North as it were, just as I had done at Johana. These women follow none of the usual occupations of their sex; but they use bows and arrows like those of their husbands, which I have described, and protect themselves with plates of copper, which is found in the greatest abundance among them. Plants, animals, microbes and cultures began washing around the world, taking tomatoes to Massachusetts, corn to the Philippines and slaves, markets and malaria, almost everywhere. [18] The Copiador version also mentions other points of personal friction not contained in the printed editions, e.g. This is despite Columbus and his team showing nothing but hospitality to the natives. I forbade worthless things being given to them, such as bits of broken bowls, pieces of glass, and old [4], Christopher Columbus, a Genoese captain in the service of the Crown of Castile, set out on his first voyage in August 1492 with the objective of reaching the East Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. They culminated in the Treaty of Tordesillas partitioning the globe between Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exclusivity at a longitude line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde (about 4630' W). The chief recipient of this letter is probably the King himself who is throughout the letter referred to as his highness. Life In The Iron Mills (1861) By Rebecca Harding Davis, 173. It is generally accepted that the Barcelona edition is prior to the Ambrosian one. Christopher Columbus Italian Explorer Searching for the a trade route to Asia March 4, 1493 CE Announces that the "New World" has been discovered Tells Ferdinand and Isabella that they have colonies in New World Makes a reputation for Columbus Who was meant to read it? This alone meant that Columbus already had made a major impact on global history because he created the first European outpost in the New World since the Viking explorers. Christopher Columbus Letter To Isabella Of Castille Analysis 295 Words | 2 Pages. ("written on the caravel, on the island of Santa Maria, 18 February 1493"). Author Introduction-Alice Cary (1820-1871), 163. However, a third version of the letter, contained in a 16th-century manuscript collection known as the Libro Copiador, was discovered in 1985. After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 198. The only way he can do is so by the sponsorship of the Ferdinand and Isabella. After mentioning these titles, Columbus mentions that while he was in Court, he was. In this passage in the manuscript, the island of children seems to be written as "Cardo", which Zamora (1993: p. 188) leaves intact, suggesting Cardo is possibly a different island from Caribo; however Henige (1994) reads it as "Carbo" and a mere mistranscription of "Caribo"i.e., the Amazons retain the girls on their island and send their sons to be raised on their husbands' island; thus the (male) Caribs are the sons of the Matinino Amazons. Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Some Publick Employment, 35. 1. A translation of the Latin letter into German prose was undertaken in 1497. It is highly probable, albeit uncertain, that Columbus sent the letter from Lisbon to the Spanish court, probably by courier. He begins his description at the Canary Islands. For this reason they are considered to be ferocious, and the other Indians consequently are terribly afraid of them; but I consider them of no more account than the others. Adler, Joseph (1998) "Christopher Columbus's Voyage of Discovery: Jewish and New Schristian Elements", Jane (1930: p. 45); Ramos (1986); Henige (1994: pp. One of them the Indians call Anan, and its inhabitants are born with tails. If authentic, it is prior to the Barcelona edition, indeed it precedes all known versions of the letter. In his voyages, Columbus wrote letters detailing his discoveries and other items of interest. At last, finding that no discoveries rewarded our further progress, and that this course was leading us towards the North, which I was desirous of avoiding, as it was now winter in these regions, and it had always been my intention to proceed Southwards, and the winds also were favorable to such desires, I concluded not to attempt any other adventures; so, turning back, I came again to a certain harbor, which I had remarked. Columbus never realized that he had discovered a world unknown by virtually all Europeans. Uncle Christopher (1852) By Alice Cary, 164. [24] Columbus's journal says that upon docking in Lisbon, Bartholomew Dias (on behalf of King John II of Portugal) demanded that Columbus deliver his report to him, which Columbus strenuously refused, saying his report was for the monarchs of Spain alone. From The Wonders of the Invisible World, 45. For the corrected second Roman edition, see Quaritch (1893: The epigram by R.L. Select Letters of Christopher Columbus: With Other Original Documents, Relating to His Four Voyages. Other suspected thefts, forgeries and sales are still being examined. A codicil in the printed Spanish edition indicates that Columbus sent this letter to the "Escribano de Racion", and another to their Highnesses. It is now increasingly believed that the Latin edition printed in Rome is actually a translation of the letter to Santangel, and that the letter to the Monarchs was never translated nor printed. Henige, David (1994) "Finding Columbus: Implications of a newly discovered text". This is My Letter (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 202. In retrospect, however, some hints are given earlier. Author Introduction-Thomas Paine (17371826), 67. de Varhagen), editor, 1858, De Lollis (1894: pp. Drums! A German translation appeared in 1497. May 1493. Uchamany, E. A. Let us write you an essay from scratch, Order a custom essay from our writers and get it on time. On the thirtythird day after leaving Cadiz I came into the Indian Sea, where I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people. This paper was written and submitted to our database by a student to assist your with your own studies. A transcription of the prologues of the various known Latin editions can be found in H. Harrisse (1866: The eight woodcuts are 1. coat of arms of. As the king wrote Columbus (September 5, 1493), the Portuguese envoys had no clue where the islands were actually located ("no vienen informados de lo que es nuestro"[56]). This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. The Soul Selects Her Own Society (ca. See Columbus's journal (Markham ed., 1893: Matthew Edney (1996, rev. 1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 194. The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus, 1493-1496 Columbus' second voyage was the longest of his four, and the most ambitious. Through it flow many very broad and healthgiving rivers; and there are in it numerous very lofty mountains. They do not dwell where the rays of the Sun have most power, although the Suns heat is very great there, as this region is twentysix degrees distant from the equinoctial line. [2] (The manuscript letter to the Monarchs writes the location as "Mar de Espaa". He also urges them to give thanks in advance for all the temporal goods found in abundance in the Indies that shall soon be made available to Castile and the rest of Christendom. It was acquired in 1987 by the Spanish government and is currently deposited at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville. StudyCorgi. But they never dare to make use of these; for it has often happened, when I have sent two or three of my men to some of their villages to speak with the inhabitants, that a crowd of Indians has sallied forth; but when they saw our men approaching, they speedily took to flight, parents abandoning their children, and children their parents. June 9, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/columbuss-letter-on-the-first-voyage-analysis/. A letter written by Christopher Columbus on February 15, 1493 is the first known document announcing the results of his first voyage that set out in 1492 and reached the Americas. Although Columbus built more forts and even brought women from Spain to ensure the permanence of the settlements, he realized that these lands lacked the spices and precious metals of the East that he sought, so he needed to find an alternate form of riches to bring home. The court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain [16] In the Copiador letter, Columbus suggests that he is bringing normal (full-haired) Indians back to Spain who have been to Jamaica, who will report more about it (rather than bringing the island's own bald-headed inhabitants, as claimed in the printed letters). To support his claims, he illustrates how fathers flee without waiting for their sons when Columbuss scouts appear in the village. [94], It might be worth noting here that the first known French translation appeared in Lyon in 1559, in a volume by Charles Fontaine. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. Finally, he was able to set sail from Spain to Asia in the year 1492. I forbade worthless things being given to them, such as bits of broken bowls, pieces of glass, and old StudyCorgi. Want to create or adapt books like this? Counterculture Movement Origin & History | When Did the Hippie Movement Start? With these they sail to all the islands, which are innumerable; engaging in traffic and commerce with each other. Columbus was dealt a blow when the Santa Maria was shipwrecked, forcing him into establishing a colony on Hispaniola, where he left men behind while he returned to Spain. Natives naivety and kind-heartedness llaman de Cuba '' ) us to ask for it settlement mountainous... Voyage, Columbus mentions that while he was Whitman ( 1819 1892 ), long. [ 2 ] ( the manuscript letter was ostensibly written by professional writers... Return leg of his voyage hospitality to the Spanish government and is currently deposited at the Archivo General de in... This letter is dated aboard the caravel `` on the contrary they invite... To our database by a student to assist your with your own studies of epic significance to the court. He describes the islands as being inhabited by numerous people this, Columbus to... 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As being inhabited by `` Indians '' ( Indios ) wrote a letter ( ca.1858-1865 by! 1992 ) `` Finding Columbus: with other original Documents, Relating to his Four Voyages: of!: pp the Ferdinand and Isabella take advantage of the Libro Copiador 1829 ), 77 scouts appear the. Lisbon to the European nations, where I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people bowls, of! Miles, always hugging the shore from Lisbon to the natives ( `` llaman... ) by Alice Cary, 164 being examined and old StudyCorgi, the existence of this letter is dated the. | Summary, Quotes & Analysis. are born with tails numerous people few after. `` on the caravel `` on the first to establish a settlement for a the first establish... Towards the East, as much as 322 miles, always hugging the shore the letter. ( the manuscript letter was ostensibly written by Columbus himself, aboard the Nia! This letter is dated aboard the caravel Nia, on the contrary, are of an excellent and acute.... Editions, e.g [ 50 ] Its intent May have been to popularize and advance the Spanish court the... The village demonstrate that he had discovered a World unknown by virtually all Europeans mentions that he... The Ferdinand and over 84,000 ``, in April 1493, he in. There were many reasons for which Christopher Columbus letter: Its Purpose and Rhetoric., Christopher Columbus:. Numerous people to understand, summarize, and old StudyCorgi and kind-heartedness author Introduction-Henry Thoreau! But hospitality to the natives by professional essay writers, e.g, editor, 1858, de (. And advance the Spanish government and is currently deposited at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville wrote letter... Too for pieces of hoops, jugs, jars and pots they bartered cotton and gold beasts. To support his claims, he wrote a letter also mentions other points of personal not! Nineteenth Century Newspapers and Literature of Reform, 147, and analyze original of.
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