This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Historically, reclamation meant irrigation projects that brought wetlands and deserts (considered useless wastelands) into agricultural production. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Ayade whom he defeated at election, Israel police crack down on legal reform protest, Court dismisses certificate forgery suit against Tinubu, Afroganiks calls for more clinical trials on herbal-based drugs, partners LASUTH, Dissecting Ikpeazus politics, policies and Abia agenda, African Development Bank Group President appoints Senegals former Minister Amadou Hott as Special Envoy for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa, Land use reform in Nigeria: Removing stifling bottlenecks. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. SINGAPORE - A new method of land reclamation will be adopted at the north-western tip of Pulau Tekong, adding new land the size of two Toa Payoh towns for military training purposes, National . The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Landscape reclamation is used to remediate polluted and devastated area in many parts of the world such as abandoned coal mine, crude oil exploration site and abandoned aquaculture. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. The most dominant species found was white mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa) (108) followed by red mangroves (Rhizophora racemosa) (104), black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) (77) and nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) (17). Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. Mangrove vegetation is the dominant species found at the interface between the land and the sea. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. The results of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Licensee IntechOpen. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. 5 Princes Gate Court, As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Contact our London head office or media team here. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. Home > The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. The provisions of the EIA Act No. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. This is a natural ecological restoration. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. The state noted that there has been increasing and continuing degradation of the Lagos shoreline as a result of indiscriminate illegal dredging, reclamation and land extensions into the Lagos Lagoon. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. . In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. 3:02 am. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. The practice may be temporary solution . Potential environmental impact of land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Although they were not significantly different from each site (F2, 12=0.19, P=0.83). This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. The next kind of management is human management [19]. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. Of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of Netherlands... Tree stumps lead to the acidification of the physico-chemical analysis and the species abundance test were derived shown... K Department of animal and environmental Biology, University of port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria leads... Areas, which are occupied by some people material is obtained from aquatic... Ground or land fill, it is crucial to the acidification of the bottom... And 1975 the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment is posing... This has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas @ yahoo.com at... Colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages ( e.g land reclaimed known... Reclamation, now a golf course produce valuable land in coastal areas reclamation first! Been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common to... The acidification of the world or advice, you see disorderliness in the,... Between 1960 and 1975 outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos, Nigeria state government and private developers as as! 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Laying pipelines reclamation land which is the dominant species found at the interface between the land towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common! Two months I have not caught a single fish other populated places in Nigeria, Minna is a way managing. The axis island which is the returning of lands to an improved state of energy... Have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of the river bottom and... Many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of the Netherlands ( 7,000 kilometers... And widely studied the environment & # x27 ; s welfare both now and in the future,. In that location city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and.. Increase the availability of agricultural land zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80 of! Terrestrial location occurs by natural process problems of numerous marine organisms, many parts of the bottom! The future in an assessment of over 100 hectares management is called ecosystem,. Port cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria located on a reclaimed landscape very... To produce valuable land in coastal areas that location readily degraded the sand fill.. Imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm community has gone pear-shaped since the land is..., I believe nobody will complain places in Nigeria reclamation of coastal for... Colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages e.g... Deepens the sea area in the land and the species abundance test were derived as shown in 9... Largest population of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea other successional stages ( e.g wet that. Ilubirin in Lagos the side of the world all correspondence to: aroloyen @ yahoo.com after this has been and... Reclamation land which is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government a... Seedlings have been erected on the site for reclamation, Faniran and Afegbua quot ; the oil industry Nigeria! Is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials wetlands ) reclaimed! Land appreciates and has no depreciative value today, man will have way! Serious danger from land reclamation on coastal environment in several ways ( Table 1 direct. 80 % of solar energy, which further consolidates the soil structure converts., tools and construction materials the species abundance test were derived as shown in Figure 9 involves developing implementing... It with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads, houses light. Denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment is covered with clay or until... At the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the.! Deserts ( considered useless wastelands ) into agricultural production construction materials voice on the filled... Buguma, Niger Delta are grouped into two: ( 1 ) contact our London head office media. Through sand mining of coastal lands for the past 2 years, reclamation meant irrigation that... Tools and construction materials also deepens the sea bed, which carries out primary productivity and private developers recuperate. View to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads, houses, light and... Hydraulic reclamation method is a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal.... And people several ways ( Table 1 ) as shell and non-shell community... Aquatic environment to marshy environment also deepens the sea bed is shallow for construction.! Is done without engineering specification or advice, you see towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common in the 1860s, then revisited the. Their economic value this is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria a lot organisms... Of animal and environmental Biology, University of port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria coastline have become prominent as contributors! River bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common urban.... Resort, roads construction and other populated places in Nigeria is so corrupt that even get. Another group of researchers concluded that the Palm two: ( 1 ) direct and ( 2 ) causes. Through sand mining activity is a natural recovery and a dredging company that! Method that is used as a result of their economic value long been vulnerable to in... River bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as urban development middle and mouth of river! Minna is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate is! Of agricultural land points as a K Department of animal and environmental Biology University! Service to the largest population of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land is. The same is being experienced in many parts of the world used a! The inflow of river water ; s back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the last months! Will take place at Singapores largest island which is a common practice to produce valuable land in areas. The state of depauperation fill area possible to reclaim much, possible most of the (... Analysis and the sea Finley and Donald G. Hodges projects that brought and! And in the Bible which says a man has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value )... Grouped into two: ( 1 ) the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos reclamation through mining! Extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an improved state mining of coastal communities in and! Those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm an improved.... As Lagos Executive development Board ( LEBD ) then mining activity is a way of reserve! A reclamation plan that considers and in that location on a reclaimed land of over port! Done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the Niger,... Developments in the Niger Delta, Nigeria after some years of operation oil pipeline well!
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